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COURSE CODE: LIN 326 COURSE TITLE: DISCOURSE ANALYSIS LECTURER: DR. EUNICE MAIYO DATE: 28TH NOV, 2018. TASK: TAKE AWAY C.A.T QUESTION: EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONTEXT IN THE INTERPRETATION OF DISCOURSE. Context is a mental representation of aspects outside that we use for interpretation of a text. Our understanding of what we hear is tied to the processing of the physical context, that is, time and place in which we encounter linguistic context. And from this therefore, we can conclude that, out of context, meaning becomes vague. Context is therefore very important in the interpretation of meaning. The following are some of the importance of context: -Context can help listeners or readers to define reference. -Context help to establish and accumulate presuppositions. -Context help the hearer or reader to detect conversational implicatures. Context can help listeners or readers to define reference. Reference can either be exophoric or endophoric. Exophoric reference is when the referring expression or object lies outside the text and the listener needs extra information from outside the text in order to understand the text. On the other hand, endophoric reference is when the referring expression is within the text and the reader finds it across the sentence. Once reference is mentioned, we may recall the semantic triangle proposed by Ogden and Richards in their book: "The meaning of meaning", they argue that the relationship between a symbol and a referent is not direct but is mediated by the reference. Lyons states: "it is the speaker who refers by using some appropriate expression". He invests the expression with reference by the act of referring: 1977:177 Reference, therefore, being the act by which the speaker uses language to identify something, enable the listeners or readers to identify the item being mentioned. For example; -John is coming today. -He is coming today. The pronoun 'he' in the second sentence refers to John who is suppose to come. Without the first sentence, the listener cannot know the person who is suppose to to come today. In addition to reference, context allows the listeners to notice what the speaker is referring to. For example, X: I joined in the wedding of my aunt yesterday. Y: Your aunt? How old is she? X: Fifty-four. Y: How old is her husband? X: Forty-five. Take it easy. That man is really in love with my aunt. The role of context in this conversation is found in the elliptic sentence in which only relying on the linguistic context can we know what the speaker uses the elliptic form to refer to. Context help the hearer to detect conversational implicatures. The term cinversational implicature is used by Brice to account for what the speaker implies or suggest or mean when he uses a word as distinct from what he literary say and it is deduced on the basis of the conversational meaning of words together with contexts under guidance of the cooperative principle and its maxims. Conversational implucature changes as the context changes. Look at the example below: A: Wife: Shouldn't you help me doing some housework? Husband: I have worked for 9 hours. B: Boss: Here is your pay,boy. Worker: I have worked for nine hours. In A, the husband implies that he had worked for nine hours and now he feels tired and cannot help his wife in the housework. This cannot be the case in B; though the worker says he has worked for nine hours, he does not imply the same thing as in A. The worker implies that he has worked for more hours and needed a better salary than what the boss was giving him. Ideally, the worker could not tell the boss he had worked for nine hours and needed not to work because he was tired. The context appeares more important in these sentences because in A, the conversation is in the house and the answer given to the wife is relevant. While in B, the conversation occurs in a work place and it will b ironical that the worker says that he has worked throughout the day and therefore needed to rest. Context help listeners and readers to establish and accumulate pop presuppositions. In discourse analysis, presuppositions should be pragmatic and defined in terms of assumptions the speaker makes about what the hearer is likely to accept without any challange. Presuppositions are assumptions that the speaker believes the listener or reader already know. For example; Jane has gone to the shop. The assumptions here are: 1. Jane has money. 2. There is a person called Jane. 3. Both the speaker and the listener knows Jane. 4. Jane has gone to buy some items among others. Context therefore help listeners to establish a presupposition in that, for instance, in the above example, the listener knows who Jane is and also imagines if where she has gone to i.e to shop and that she must return with some items. Lastly, some linguistic elements require some contextual information for their interpretation and such are the deitic expressions. For example, the personal pronouns: I, you, she, he etc, time for example now, then, yesterday, tomorrow; demonstratives e.g this, that, these, those among others. These expressions cannot be understood without the context. You need to know who the speaker and the hearer are, place and time of production in order to understand the meaning. For example, she is coming now. The listener cannot understand the ' she' unless some gestural activities are incooperated. The listener cannot also understand what 'now' mean in the sentence hence context playing an important role in helping the listener to understand the speaker and interprete what he actually says according to the context, that is, the contextual meaning. In conclusion, the context plays an important role in discourse analysis. A discourse and its context are in close relationship. The discourse elaborates the context and the context help interprete the meaning of the utterance in the discourse. The knowledge of a context is a premise on the analysis of discourse. REFERENCES 1. Discourse Analysis--What Speakers Do in Conversation in Linguistic Society of America (2016). 2. Hult, F.M. (2015), "Making Policy Connections across scales using nexus analysis", in July, F.M; Johnson, D.C, Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide, Malden, M.A: Wiley, pp. 217-31 3. Johnson David W; Johnson, Roger: May 2000, Civil, Political, Discourse in a Democracy: The contributions of Psychology. 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