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Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow

Problem drinkers and alcoholics pay severe penalties for their drinking. It has been estimated that alcoholics are likely to die ten to twelve years sooner than non-alcoholics and half die before the age of fifty, which is one reason there are so few elderly alcoholics. The mortality rate (that is, the number of persons per 100,000 who die each year) among alcoholics is more than two and a half times higher than that of the general population.

Alcoholics often die under violent circumstances; serious accidents, homicide, and suicide are not uncommon. This, together with the physical deterioration accompanying alcoholism, helps explain the limits on life expectancy. No one really knows how many deaths are directly attributed to drinking, and all such statistics are estimates. One reason for our limited knowledge is that many physicians do not report alcoholism as the main cause of death out of concern for the feelings of the family of the deceased.
Research on the physiological effects of alcoholism has increased in the last few years. Heavy drinking is known to be
associated with various types of cancer, particularly among persons who also use tobacco. Alcohol abuse also increases the
probability of hypertension, stroke and coronary heart disease. Alcoholics frequently suffer illness and death from cirrhosis of the liver, a disease in which the liver becomes fatty, scarred and incapable of functioning normally. In large urban areas, cirrhosis is the fourth most common cause of death among men aged twenty -five to forty -five.
Alcohol affects the brain, often permanently damaging the mental functioning of alcoholics. Drinking may reduce the number of living cells in the brain. Since brain cells do not grow back, alcoholics may suffer from organic psychosis (a mental illness traceable to brain damages), loss of memory, and poor physical and mental coordination. One out of four persons who are admitted to mental hospitals are diagnosed as alcoholics and 40 percent of all admissions are alcohol related.
Many of the alcoholic inmates are unlikely to recover.
The unborn children of female alcoholics are subject to harm from drinking in what is called foetal alcohol
syndrome. Because alcohol tends to be a substitute for a balanced diet, alcoholics are often malnourished.
Consequently, the infants of alcoholic women are likely to be less healthy and less well developed than other babies.
Moreover, when a pregnant woman drinks, so, in effect, does her foetus. The new born children of alcoholic women may die shortly after birth unless they are medically treated from the shock to their systems for suddenly being cut off from alcohol. Furthermore, the impact of alcohol on the woman and her foetus is a major cause of birth defects and organically based mental deficiency among the newborn. The effects of foetal alcohol syndrome on the children of female alcoholics are usually chronic and may be permanently disabling. Clearly, it is not too much of an exaggeration to say that alcohol kills and maims people. When abused, alcohol is a highly dangerous drug.

a) Why are there so few elderly alcoholics ? (2 mks)

b) Outline two major factors limiting life expectancy among alcoholics according to the passage (2 mks)

c) Mention any four physiological effects of alcoholism (2 mks)

d) What reason makes physician find difficulty in reporting alcoholic related death? (2 mks)

e) Many of the alcoholic inmates are unlikely to recover. Rewrite beginning 'Recovery...' (1 mk)

f) Explain what the following sentence means:

'Alcohol tends to be a substitute for a balanced diet'

g) In not more than 70 words, summarize the effects of alcohol on the unborn babies. (5 mks)

h) Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the passage (4 mks)
i) mortality
ii) deterioration iii) diagnosed iv) cut off

Answers

a) Alcoholics are likely to die ten to twelve years sooner than non-alcoholics / half die before the age of fifty (2 mks)

b) violent circumstance among physical deterioration alcoholics (1mk)

c) - Cancer

- hypertention - stroke
- coronary heart disease

- cirrhosis of the liver (½ each x4)

d) it is out of concern for the feelings of the family of the deceased (2 mks)

e) Recovery of many of the alcoholic inmates is unlikely (1 mk)

f) Alcoholics replace food with alcohol consumption (2 mks)

- less healthy

- less well developed than other babies

- may die shortly after birth unless they are medically treated from the shock - born with defects

- could develop organically based mental deficiency (each 1mk x5 points)

g) i) mortality-death

i) deterioration - worsening /become worse

iii) diagnosed - proven /confirmed / established

iv) cut off - deprived of / disconnected from

marto answered the question on April 8, 2019 at 11:39

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