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1
Process State
The current state of the process i.e., whether it is ready, running, waiting, or whatever.
2
Process privileges
This is required to allow/disallow access to system resources.
3
Process ID
Unique identification for each of the process in the operating system.
4
Pointer
A pointer to parent process.
5
Program Counter
Program Counter is a pointer to the address of the next instruction to be executed for this process.
6
CPU registers
Various CPU registers where process need to be stored for execution for running state.
7
CPU Scheduling Information
Process priority and other scheduling information which is required to schedule the process.
8
Memory management information
This includes the information of page table, memory limits, Segment table depending on memory used by the operating system.
9
Accounting information
This includes the amount of CPU used for process execution, time limits, execution ID etc.
10
IO status information
This includes a list of I/O devices allocated to the process.
chegedict answered the question on March 30, 2020 at 07:24
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Interactivity refers to the ability of users to interact with a computer system. An Operating system does the following activities related to interactivity -
Provides the user an interface to interact with the system.
Manages input devices to take inputs from the user. For example, keyboard.
Manages output devices to show outputs to the user. For example, Monitor.
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Advantages
High and efficient CPU utilization.
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Disadvantages
CPU scheduling is required.
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Date posted: March 24, 2020. Answers (1)
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Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
Better service to the customers.
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Reduction of delays in data processing.
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Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.
The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.
The advantages of distributed systems are as follows -
With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.
Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
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Date posted: March 21, 2020. Answers (1)
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Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.
Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems are as follows -
Problem of reliability.
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Date posted: March 21, 2020. Answers (1)
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Date posted: March 21, 2020. Answers (1)
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The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.
The problems with Batch Systems are as follows -
Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
Difficult to provide the desired priority
Date posted: March 21, 2020. Answers (1)
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