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Distinguish between each of the following pairs of terms: (i) Receipts and revenue. (ii) Balance sheet and statement of affairs. (iii) Cash basis of accounting and accrual basis...

      

Distinguish between each of the following pairs of terms:
(i) Receipts and revenue.
(ii) Balance sheet and statement of affairs.
(iii) Cash basis of accounting and accrual basis of accounting.
(iv)Materiality and substance over form.

  

Answers


Mutiso
i) Receipts & Revenue
Receipts are the cash amounts received in a business from the various activities the business is
engaged in. They could be received from sales, debtors, investment incomes, etc
Revenue is the amount of sales made to its customers, it encompasses both credit items and
cash items. It is the gross income during the period arising from the ordinary activities of the
business. i.e. it?s core activities.

ii) Balance sheet and statement of affairs
The balance sheet is used by profit making companies and shows the financial position, assets,
liabilities and capital as at a given point in time especially for a an organization that is made with
the purpose of making profits.
The statement of affairs is less is a statement from which from which the capital of the owner
can be found by estimating the asset and liabilities. It is the equivalent of a Balance Sheet but is
mainly used by Not For Profit Organizations e.g. clubs.

iii) Cash Basis of Accounting and Accrual Basis of Accounting
The cash basis of accounting entails the recording of revenue and expenses only when such has
been received or paid out. This means that any credit items are not accounted for in the books.
On the other hand the accrual basis of accounting entails that incomes and expenses relating to
any one financial period should be taken into account without regard to the date of receipt of
payment. The amounts of expenses should be matched with the incomes which they have
produced in the company in any one period.

iv) Materiality and Substance over form
It is an overriding rule applying to anything appearing in a financial accounting statement under
which trivial matters are not included. That is, something should be significant (due
to it?s size or cost) to merit inclusion in financial accounting statements. There is no need to
set up a separate reporting segment for such amounts if they can simply be added to total sales
without the inconvenience of separate accounts or separate ledgers. Dissimilar items may be
aggregated only if they are individually immaterial.
The demerit in the concept lies in the fact that materiality is relative. For example, the loss of
Kshs 200 may matter to a small Kiosk but to a business like Barclays Bank with a turnover of
billions of dollars it does not. Nevertheless, the materiality concept does not apply while
recording cash transactions. Thus, small amounts cannot be omitted from the cashbook on the grounds that they are not material. As a general rule, therefore, every cash transaction has to be
recorded in the cashbook – regardless of the materiality of the amount involved.
Again, the principle of materiality does not hold good when errors of principle are detected
which need correction. If it is discovered that a capital item has been erroneously expensed, or a
different method of depreciation other than that used in previous years has been applied for a
particular asset, the errors should be corrected immediately. The concept of materiality cannot
be used as a defense for not correcting the errors.
Substance over form entails that transactions and other events are accounted for and presented
in accordance with their substance and economic health e.g. nature and not merely their legal
form, in hire purchase the hirer records the goods as belonging to him even though legally he is
not the owner of the goods.
Mutiso answered the question on November 17, 2018 at 07:24


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    the bank.
    2. Cheque drawn payable to trade creditors. But not presented at I November 1999
    amounted to Sh56000 and at 3I October 2000 Sh.64.000.
    3. All dishonoured cheques were re-presented and honoured during the year.
    4. The loan interest was paid to the lender who had lent Nzioka Sh.800.000 some years ago
    at a rate of 3°o p.a. The interest was duly paid half-yearly on 31 January and 31 July and
    the loan was still outstanding at the close of the year.
    5. Discounts allowed by trade creditors amounted to Sh.96.000 and those allowed to debtors
    were Sh. 104.000.
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    Required:
    (a) A statement of Nzioka's capital on 1 November 1999.
    (b) Profit and loss account for the year ended 31 October 2000 and a balance sheet at
    that date.

    Date posted: November 16, 2018.  Answers (1)