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Describe the difficulties and Problems in Memory.

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Forgetting
We are also subject to forgetting, which is the failure to retrieve previously stored information from memory.

The first formal research on forgetting was conducted by a German psychologist Herman Ebbinghaus ,. He found that immediate recall is worse for items in the middle of a list than at the beginning and at the end of the list, this differential forgetting is called serial-position effect. The better memory for items at the beginning of a list is called the primary effect and the better memory for items at the end of a list is called recency effect.

One of the explanation given for the serial, position effect is that the primary effect occurs because the items at the beginning of the list are subjected to more rehearsal, firmly placing those items in the long-term memory. In contrast, items in the middle of the list are neither firmly placed in long-term memory nor readily accessible in short term memory.

Eddinghaus also introduced the method of saving, which is now called relearning as a way to assess memory. It is the assessment of memory by comparing the number of trials needed to memorize a given amount of information and the number of trials to memorize it again at a later time

Savings
The difference between the number of original trials and the number of relearning trials

Our short term recall is slightly better for random digits (such as of those of phone numbers) than random for letters which sometimes have similar sounds. It is slightly better for information we hear than images we see. The phenomena of savings demonstrate that even when we cannot recall information, much of it, though inaccessible to recall, still remains stored in memory. If it were not, we could take just as long to relearn material as we took to originally learn it. Savings occurs because relearning improves the retrieval of information stored in memory (MacLeod, 1988)

Ebbinghau’s also found that ounce we have mastered a list of items, forgetting is initially rapid and then slows. In keeping with the concept of levels of processing, meaningless, nonsense syllables are initially forgotten more rapidly than meaningful material. Ebbinghau’s forgetting curve, which shows, rapid initial forgetting followed by less and less forgetting over time, holds true for material learned before.

Kavungya answered the question on May 8, 2019 at 09:46

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Describe the difficulties and Problems in Memory.

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