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Discuss educational movements of 19th and 20th century.

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1. Liberalism
This was a middle class ideology that emphasized on the freedom to do things. opposed the old aristocratic education and called for a utilitarian and scientific education for upward social mobility. According to liberalists, education was meant to enhance enlightenment and self progress.

2. Conservatism
This was a 19th century ideology opposed to rationalism, revolutionist and liberalism. It was conservative. That if change will come it will come gradually. Education was meant to perpetuate social stability. The role of education was to translate culture as well as maintain the status quo.

3. Humanitarianism

This came up to try to address problems which were brought by industrialization e.g. social stratification. Many people were dissatisfied humanitarianism wanted to sue education to alleviate social problems through e.g. Sunday schools by imparting religion and give them 3 RS

4. Nationalism
Due to industrial revolution, there was breakdown of communities, erosion of attachments erosion of the attachment of church (disintegration) people started to identify themselves in terms of their nations based on common descent common language, common religion, common economic interests and common traditions which at times cut across the political and social divide. Each nation established its own boundaries, government as well as cultural nationality based on common historic heritage. This ideology called for national systems of education not only to enhance literacy but also encourage loyalty to the state. The kind of education that was encouraged was education which advocated knowledge of history and literature.

5. Marxism
This was an ideological, philosophical and political move which advocated for a class warfare and violent revolution to bring about social change. Karl Marx foresaw a permanent class struggle that would culminate in a classless society.
The capture of political leadership by the workers would also lead to the capture of the education system. This would then lead to erosion of capitalism, individualism and nationalism in order to address the welfare of the common man.
These ideas have influenced education. The following were educators of these times who were influenced by these ideologies;
· Herbart
· Pestalozzi
· Montessori
· Froebel

marto answered the question on May 20, 2019 at 06:49

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