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Read the passage below and then answer questions that follow.

Read the passage below and then answer questions that follow.

Drug addiction is not a hallmark of moral failure or lack of willpower—it’s a complex disease that deserves long-term, extensive treatment, just like any other chronic condition. People who have not struggled with substance abuse may find it difficult to understand why anyone would start using. Why would someone willingly put themselves in harm’s way by taking dangerous substances? There are, in fact, many reasons why some people turn to or start abusing drugs, and unfortunately the consequences can be life-shattering. While every case is unique, there are general patterns that indicate why some people use drugs, how addiction develops, and the consequences of drug abuse.
While specific incentives differ from person to person, generally speaking, people start using drugs to escape or mask pain.
In some individuals, the onset of drug use can be from untreated psychiatric issues including anxiety and depression. The rush of pleasure from using drugs can provide temporary solace from suffering, which can stem from many mental health or other issues including trauma or abuse, mental illness, low self-esteem, poverty, relationship problems, loss of a loved one, stress, and chronic pain or medical conditions. But whatever their reason for starting, once addiction sets in, the disease usually spirals more and more out of their control.
For most people, the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary. But as they are swept up into the cycle of addiction, the neural pathways in their brain change so they are less able to control their behavior and resist their intense impulses.
It works like this: the brain rewards pleasurable experiences (such as food, intimacy, and laughter) with surges of feel-good chemicals like dopamine. But using drugs triggers the release of much more dopamine than chocolate or cuddling does, and the rush of euphoria compels them to repeat the experience. The more someone uses drugs, the more they condition their brain to anticipate the same substance-fueled pleasant sensations.

That’s why it’s so difficult to stop. The brain becomes wired for addiction. Eventually, one’s tolerance may build so much that addictive behavior no longer provides any pleasure, and using drugs simply becomes a way to avoid withdrawal. They need drugs just to keep feeling normal.
Not everyone who experiments with drugs becomes an addict. There’s no single factor that can predict whether someone will become addicted, though there are general social, biological, and environmental factors that do increase the risk.
Genes, in combination with environmental factors, account for about half of a person’s addiction vulnerability. Being male, African American, or having a mental illness can also increase a person’s risk of progressing to addiction.Family, friends, and socioeconomic status have a significant impact on a person’s likelihood of developing an addiction. Physical and sexual abuse, peer pressure, stress, and parental guidance can greatly affect the occurrence of substance abuse. Although a person can become an addict at any age, the earlier substance use begins, the more likely it will escalate to serious addiction.
The sad truth is that more deaths, illnesses, and disabilities are caused by substance abuse than by any other preventable health condition. Prolonged drug dependence interferes with just about every organ in the human body, and different drugs have different damaging effects.

a) According to the passage, what is drug addiction?

b) Make notes on the causes of drug abuse.

c) How does addiction develop according to the passage?

d) List the environmental factors that predict whether someone will become addicted.

e) What are the effects of substance abuse according to the passage?

f) Explain the meaning following expressions as used in the passage.

i. Willpower

ii. Compels

iii. Escalate

Answers

a)It is a complex disease that deserves long-term, extensive treatment

b)
-Trauma or abuse
- Mental illness
- Low self-esteem
- Poverty
- Relationship problems
- Loss of a loved one
- Stress
- Chronic pain or medical conditions

c)The brain rewards pleasurable experiences with surges of feel-good chemicals like dopamine. But using drugs triggers the release of much more dopamine than chocolate or cuddling does, and the rush of euphoria compels them to repeat the experience. The more someone uses drugs, the more they condition the brain to anticipate the same substance-fueled pleasant sensations.

d)
- Physical and sexual abuse
-peer pressure
- stress
-parental guidance
Abuse leads to deaths, illnesses, and disabilities

e)
Abuse leads to deaths, illnesses, and disabilities

f)i. Willpower Determination
ii. Compels forces
iii. Escalate shoot up/ rise

marto answered the question on October 8, 2019 at 07:16

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Nora. Naturally I did not mean you to put that construction on it. I! What should make you think I have any influence of that kind with my husband?
Krogstad. Oh, I have known your husband from our student days. I don’t suppose he is any more unassailable than other husbands.
Nora. If you speak slightingly of my husband, I shall turn you out of the house.
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Nora. But you must believe me, Mr. Krogstad; it is not in my power to help you at all.
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EXTRACT
GUEST :( seeing and shrieking): Good God! Jussup!
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MOTHERN-LAW: is pouring water from a pitcher. Opposite
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GRUSHA: Let me go.
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GRUSHA stops scrubbing him, starts back. Enter the MOTHER IN-LAW.)
PEASANT: A nice thing you’ve saddled me with! A simpleton for a wife!

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