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KCSE Comprehensive Biology Notes: Support and Movement in Plants and Animals

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Summary

1. Support- the ability of organisms to bear their weight and maintain their shape.

2. Movement- change of position of part or whole of an organism’s body.

3. Locomotion- movement of the whole organism from place to place.

Examples of movement in plants.

i. Swimming of male gametes to the female gametes in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

ii. Growth of pollen tube down the style.

iii. Growth movements/tropisms.

iv. Nastisms/nastic movements.


Ways through which plants compensate for their inability to move.


1. Plants show various responses to external stimuli such as nastisms and tropisms.

2. Green plants are autotrophic (make their own food) making them independent hence do not need to move in search of food.

3. Plants have parts that respond and grow extensively towards growth requirements such as water and light.

4. Plants have mechanisms for dispersal of seeds, spores and fruits.

5. Plants show various mechanisms of cross-pollination.

Functions of exoskeleton.

1. It is hard/ rigid to provide protection to internal body organs.

2. Provides support.

3. Provides a surface for muscle attachment to bring about movement.

Adaptation of the exoskeleton to its functions.

1. It hard to provide a surface for attachment of muscles which facilitates movement and protect internal organs against mechanical damage.
It is water proof preventing excessive water loss from body tissues through desiccation.

It is light and modified into wings / has low density for flight and can be modified to form hand jaws / mouthparts for biting/piercing /sucking / gliding.

It is pigmented/ colored for camouflagation.

It can be transparent at some places allowing entry of light into the eyes and for camouflagation in water.
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