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Angolan War of Independence
The armed struggle in Angola was a natural result of the failure of a peaceful protest in 1960. In June the MPLA presented a petition to Lisbon appealing for a peaceful solution to the demand for political reform. The Portuguese replied by arresting MPLA leaders and to have Augustino Neto publicly flogged, an act of brutality to humiliate the ablest nationalist.
Neto 922 in Bengo in rural Angola. He attended secondary school and worked in the colonial health service and in 1947 he went to Portugal to study medicine. He joined the Portuguese democratic student movement, and in 1952 he was arrested by the police. He qualified as a doctor in 1958 and returned to Angola. He joined the MPLA which he led.
In 1961 the Angolan war of independence began but the end of the year the Portuguese had effectively defeated the armed rising in Angola. Unfortunately, the Angolans national struggle became difficult because they were divided into three: the FNLA, MPLA and UNITA.
Holden Roberto reorganized his party and joined the FNLA - National Front for the Liberation of Angola with the headquarters in Kinshasa and guerrilla training camps near the city, he was supported by Joseph Mobutu, a fellow Mukongo and pro-western leader.
The MPLA was much more broadly based, much more committed to the armed struggle. MPLA and Neto, the leader set up their base in Kinshasa and got support from Western-educated elite - it did not rely on ethnic support. In 1964 the MPLA launched a guerrilla offensive in the Cabinda enclave. Operating from Congo-Brazzaville - they concentrated on eastern Angola, opened a new front in Zambia border. MPLA became more successful, operating a classing guerrilla principles of the people in arms with the government and guerrillas as one but its headquarters were outside the country in Lusaka.
UNITA - National Union for the total Liberation of Angola was founded in 1966 by Jonas Savimbi, a break away group from FNLA. He opposed Roberto’s Bakongo ethnicism but he was only supported by his Ovimbundu people.
Independence came on 11 November 1975 when transitional government was followed by Angolan civil war.
jerop5614 answered the question on January 21, 2019 at 09:11
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