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(i) Describe how an explosion caldera is formed.
- A volcanic eruption through a central vent brings lava to the surface and builds a volcanic cone.
- Lava cools and solidify in the vent, thus sealing the vent
- Pressure builds up beneath the plug
- Continued build up of pressure lead to a violent eruption
- The violent eruption blows off the top of the cone
- When the eruption is over a wide depression is left on top of the cone. This is the explosion caldera.
(ii) Describe how a hot spring is formed
- Rainwater percolates down the crustal rocks through cracks in the rocks
- The water comes across hot rocks/magma
- The water is heated by the hot rocks/magma
- Some of the water turns into steam and expands, thus pressure builds up
- Some of the water collects into underground chambers or sumps within the hot rocks
- Continued pressure by the steam makes water in the sumps to be super heated
- The accumulated pressure forces the steam upwards towards the surface through the cracks and holes
- As the steam escapes to the surface it heats the ground water in the surrounding rocks
- The heated ground water under pressure finds its way to the surface and flows out quietly as hot springs.
Kavungya answered the question on April 1, 2019 at 11:36
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