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PBIO 311: Reproduction in Plants and Animals Notes

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The lecture notes have been prepared with special reference to Kisii university syllabus requirement for the course. The notes are prepared for undergraduate students studying for the award of bachelor of education degree. Lectures for the same course and students from other universities will also find the notes very useful.

PBIO 311: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single
organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of
gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes. Asexual reproduction
is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the amoeba and
bacteria. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. While all prokaryotes
reproduce asexually , mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such as conjugation,
transformation and transduction are sometimes likened to sexual reproduction or at
least with sex, in the sense of genetic recombination in meiosis. Current hypotheses
suggest that asexual reproduction may have benefits when rapid population growth is
important or in stable. There are several types of asexual reproduction, including:
a. Fission (see binary fission where the entire organism splits into two.) budding:
new individuals produced as outgrowths of the parent (e.g. yeast, hydra).
b. Fragmentation: mechanical separation of the plant body into segments
sporulation: producing asexual spores (e.g. fungi).
c. Vegetation propagation: parts of higher plants producing new whole organisms.
d. Reproductive cloning: transfer of genetic material of a body cell to an anucleate
ovum, for implantation into the uterus. This is known as somatic cell nuclear
transfer and is how dolly was produced.
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