SCH 305: Chemical Kinetics Notes

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Summary

Chemical Kinetics Flow Chart

Lesson Topic
Week 1: Scope and definitions in chemical kinetics
Week 2: Rate laws and methods of order determination
Week 3: Integrated rate laws I
Week 4: Integrated rate laws II
Week 5: Dependence of reaction rate on temperature
Week 6: Complex reaction mechanisms and the rate law
Week 7: More complex reactions
Week 8: The concept of catalysis
Week 9: Kinetics of heterogeneous gas reactions
Week 10: The concept of enzyme catalysis
Week 11&12 Examination
OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

Introduction

Week 1: Scope and definitions in chemical kinetics

This lesson will introduce you to the field of chemical kinetics. You will learn various terms related to this field, including rate, order, and molecularity. You will also be introduced to the basics of reaction mechanisms this point, which will enable you to differentiate the overall reaction from individual steps in the reaction. This lesson will ultimately help you to understand the meaning of chemical kinetics and how chemical kinetic principles are applied to determine how fast chemical processes occur.

Week 2: Rate laws and methods of order determination

In this lesson, we will focus on a mathematical expression known as the rate law, which tells us the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentrations of the reactants involved. This lesson is designed to help you write rate laws and also determine reaction orders and rate constants. These are experimentally determined values that appear in the rate law. You will also learn how to derive the rate law from rate and concentration data.

Week 3: Integrated rate laws I

This lesson introduces a special category of rate laws known as integrated rate laws. This type of rate laws are very useful in chemical kinetics because they introduce time as a variable into the rate law. Here you will learn why time is a useful variable in a rate law, and you will be introduced to zero-order and first- order integrated rate laws. By the end of the lesson you will be able to derive and use these rate laws.

Week 4: Integrated rate laws II

This lesson is a continuation of lesson 3, and will focus on second-order and general-order integrated rate laws. By the end of the lesson you will be able to derive and use these rate laws.

Week 5: Dependence of reaction rate on temperature

Lesson 5 will focus on a major factor that influences the rate of a reaction, temperature. It has been found that the rate of a reaction increases with increase in temperature. This dependence of reaction rate on temperature is elegantly explained in the Arrhenius equation. The goal of this lesson is to introduce you the Arrhenius equation and its applications. You will also learn about the concepts of activation energy and transition states.

Week 6: Complex reaction mechanisms and the rate law

Knowledge about the reaction mechanism is useful in determining the rate law. However, as the steps involved in the mechanism become more complicated, so does the determination of the rate law. In this lesson you will learn how to determine rate laws when dealing with complex reaction mechanisms. The overall goal of the lesson is to teach you strategies used to reduce the complexity of determining the rate law in such cases. This include identifying the rate-determining step, applying the equilibrium approximation or applying the steady-state concept.

Week 7: More complex reactions

This lesson will look at opposing (reversible) reactions and the chain reactions. Both are complex reactions. You will learn about the relationship between rate constants and equilibrium constants. This is an important relationship when analyzing reversible reactions. Applying strategies learnt in lesson 6, you will learn how to derive rate laws related to these reactions.

Week 8: The concept of catalysis

Catalysts function to speed reactions. In this lesson will enable you answer two questions;

1. What properties do catalysts possess?
2. How do catalyst work to speed up reactions?

You will also be introduced to two classes of catalysts, homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Week 9: Kinetics of gas phase reactions

In this lesson you will learn about gas-phase reactions. These include unimolecular gas-phase reactions and heterogeneous gas reactions. The unimolecular reactions follow first-order kinetics. This lesson will help you understand how a reaction involving a single molecule that must collide with a second molecule in order for a reaction to take place can occur. The second part of the lesson focuses on reaction of gases at solid surfaces. These type of reactions have widespread use in research and industry. Here you will learn how the gases interact with the solid surfaces through adsorption, and how the extent of adsorption can be analyzed by use of an adsorption isotherm.

Week 10: The concept of enzyme catalysis

In lesson 8 and 9, we discuss different homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst. In this lesson we shall look at biological homogeneous catalysts. These are the enzymes. These are a special class of proteins that convert biological reactants (substrates) to products by providing an active site for the reactants to bind. Here you will learn the mechanism of the interaction between enzyme and substrate, and how to derive a rate law for the reaction. You will also learn how to determine the binding affinity of an enzyme for a specific substrate, which tells us the effectiveness of the enzyme.

Week 11&12: Examination

These two weeks bring together the work you have been doing to an end. This course unit will be examined and will partially contribute to the award of the degree in the programme that you are undertaking. The University follows a 13 weeks’ semester and we have therefore placed examinations in the last two weeks as per the University examinations regulations.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. Explain the meaning of chemical kinetics.
2. Describe key concepts in kinetics including reaction rates, reaction order, rate laws, rate constants, half-life, the steady-state approximation etc.
3. Evaluate factors affecting rates of chemical reactions.
4. Apply the knowledge and skills gained in solving kinetics related problems.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This is a common course unit meant for students who are taking a Bachelor of Science (Science), Bachelor of Education (Science), Bachelor of Science (Industrial Chemistry and Management), and Bachelor of Science (Analytical Chemistry and Management) degrees. This common unit or course is usually taken in the third year of study and has one prerequisite unit (SCH 101: Introduction to Physical Chemistry). The overall purpose of the course is to introduce you to the principles of chemical kinetics and how they are utilized in analyzing the rates and mechanisms of chemical, as well as biochemical, reactions. The course will take you 39 instructional hours some of which will be covered face to face and others in online activities. You will therefore be required to set aside about 5 hours per lesson to complete this course successfully.

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