Human Anatomy and Physiology Notes

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Human Anatomy and Physiology Notes as prepared by GLORIA MALOWA +254708305694.

Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” which means to cut up. Anatomy is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for “study of nature”. Physiology is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
Anatomy and physiology are studied together to give students a full understanding and appreciation of the human body.

DIRECTIONAL TERMS IN ANATOMY
Directional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body.
- Superior or cranial - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity).
- Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity).
- Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg).
- Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
- Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot).
- Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).
- Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone).
Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).

PLANES OF THE HUMAN BODY
- Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
- Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) - A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
- Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts? Superior and inferior parts.
- Median plane - Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves.

CAVITIES OF THE HUMAN BODY.
The cavities of the body house the internal organs, which commonly referred to as the viscera. The two main body cavities are the larger ventral (anterior) and the smaller, dorsal (posterior) body cavity.
The ventral body cavity (anterior) constitutes the thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic body cavity.
? The Thoracic cavity houses lung and heart. It is protected by the rib cage & associated musculature and the sternum anteriorly. It consists of the right and left pleural cavities and mediastinum (the portion of tissues and organs that separates the left and right lung).
? Abdomino-pelvic Cavity extends from the diaphragm inferior to the floor of the pelvis. It is divided into superior abdominal and inferior pelvic cavity by imaginary line passing at upper pelvis.
? Abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen and gallbladder.
? The pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, rectum, and portions of the reproductive organs.
The dorsal body cavity (posterior) constitutes the cephalic cavity containing brain and the vertebral cavity containing the spinal cord.

ORGANS OF THE BODY AND THEIR ANATOMY.
1. Skin
• The skin is the largest organ in the human body.
2. Kidneys
• Main excretory organ.
• The kidneys are located under the rib cage in the lower back
3. Heart
• The heart is another vital organ. In an average lifetime, the heart beats more than 2.5 million times.
4. Brain
• The brain stores information, allows you to think and learn and controls vital daily functions (such as digestion, heart rate and breathing).
5. Liver
• The liver is in the upper abdomen, slightly to the left.
6. Pancreas
• The pancreas is located behind the stomach.
7. Stomach
• The stomach receives food from the esophagus and sends it into the small intestine.
8. Small intestine
• The job of the small intestine is to digest food. The small intestine is five meters long.
9. Large intestine
• The large intestine is located in the abdomen and is 1.5 meters in length.
10. Lungs
• The lungs are located in the chest and are protected by the rib cage.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS.
SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
The human body is made up of different systems which work together to sustain life. The systems of the human body include:
i. Integumentary System.
ii. Skeletal System.
iii. Muscular system.
iv. Circulatory System.
v. Respiratory System.
vi. Nervous System.
vii. Circulatory System.
viii. Reproductive System.
ix. Digestive System.
x. Endocrine System.
xi. Urinary System.
These systems are all made up of different organs and generally perform different functions in the human body. ie

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN BLOOD
- Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs.
- Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body.
- Blood is the fluid of health, transporting disease-fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys. Red blood cells and white blood cells are responsible for nourishing and cleansing the body.

Fetal Circulation
Most circulatory pathways in a fetus are like those in the adult but there are some notable differences because the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, and the kidneys are not functioning before birth. The fetus obtains its oxygen and nutrients from the mother and also depends on maternal circulation to carry away the carbon dioxide and waste products.
The umbilical cord contains two umbilical arteries to carry fetal blood to the placenta and one umbilical vein to carry oxygen-and-nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus. The ductus venosus allows blood to bypass the immature liver in fetal circulation. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are modifications that permit blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation.

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