BHU2210: Biogeography Notes

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Summary

DEFINITION
Biogeography is the study of the spatial patterns of biological diversity and its causes, both in the present and in the past. Biogeographers synthesize information from a very broad range of fields, including ecology, evolution, paleontology, and climatology.

It is a branch of geography that studies the past and present distribution of the world's many species. It is usually considered to be a part of physical geography as it often relates to the examination of the physical environment and how it affects species and shaped their distribution across space. In addition, biogeography has strong ties to biology, ecology, evolution studies, climatology, and soil science. Biogeography is a branch of natural sciences that describes the distribution and abundance of living organisms. It encompasses patterns and processes that operate across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales and therefore attempts to answer different questions such as ‘where do living organisms occur, why do they occur where they occur, how many are they and what do they do?’ in other words biogeography deals with identification of different patterns of distribution of organisms on or beneath the earth’s surface.

COURSE CONTENT

CONCEPTS IN BIOGEOGRAPHY

History of biogeography

Branches of Biogeography

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Water cycle

Nitrogen cycle

Phosphorus Cycle

Carbon cycle

ECOSYSTEM CONCEPTS

The Ecosystem concept

Abiotic or Physical factors

Edaphic (Soils conditions)

Light

Temperature

Moisture

Topographic Factors

ECOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY: DIVERSITY
The Flow of Energy and Matter

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

The Process of Primary Production

Primary Production

Higher Trophic levels

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION AND CARRYING CAPACITY

Primary Succession

The Concept of Climax Community

Secondary Succession

ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION

The nature of the Community

Competition

Adaptations for mitigating competition

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

MAJOR ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN EAST AFRICA

Terrestrial ecosystems

Aquatic Ecosystems

Grasses and Grassland ecosystem

Trees and Forest Ecosystems

Desert Ecosystems

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN EAST AFRICA

Human modification of the tropical rainforest

Human modification of the grasslands

Some themes for discussion on conserving the ecological systems of East Africa and the world

A projection for the future

RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOGEOGRAPHY

Formulating a Research Problem

Hypotheses

Variables

Choosing a Data Collection Method

Drawing Conclusions

Generalization

Validity and Reliability

Types of Reliability:

Errors in Research

Sampling Procedure

Sampling

MAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND IMPACT ON MAN ON

ENVIRONMENT

The biosphere

Role of humankind in the biosphere

The current predicament of humankind

People and Ecosystem

Forms of disturbance

Conservation and preservation of Important Ecosystems

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