Form 4 Geography Paper 2 Term 2: 312/2 With Answers Question Paper

Form 4 Geography Paper 2 Term 2: 312/2 With Answers 

Course:Geography

Institution: Form 4 question papers

Exam Year:2016

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Marking Scheme/Answers

KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION 2016
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

(a) Factors to consider before undertaking mining
- Size of the mineral deposit/reserve
- Quality of the ore/mineral concentration
- Depth of the mineral.

(b) Three effects of dereliction to the environment
- Wastage of agricultural land
- Ugliness of landscape
- Wastage of industrial land
- Causes landslides
- Health hazard due to pools of water collected

2. (a) What is a nucleated settlement
- It is a pattern of settlement where people cluster together to form compact settlement.
(2 marks)

(b) Name three areas where linear settlement is likely to be found. (3 marks)
- Along a road
- A long a railway
- A long a river
- A long shores of a lake
- A long edges of a forest.

3.(a) Apart from desertification, name two environmental hazards experienced in Kenya (2 marks)
- Lighting
- Hailstorms
- Floods
- Land slides
- Pests/ disease
- Strong winds

(b) Two causes of desertification (2 marks)
-Clearing of forests for settlement/agriculture
- Climatic changes/Global warming
- Poor methods of farming like overgrazing
- Accidental fires

4. (a) Three physical conditions favouring sugar – cane growing in the lake region of Kenya.
- High temperature of 20^oC – 27^oC throughout the year.
- High rainfall of between 1200 – 1500mm
- Flat, undulating land.
- Deep and fertile clays/black cotton soils
- Well drained soils

(b) Three problems experienced by sugar – cane farmers in Kenya.
- Fire outbreak/ burning canes by arsons
- Delay in harvesting of sugar canes
- Delayed payments to farmers
- High cost of farm inputs
- Pest like termites, white scales and diseases like stunting
- Poor transport causing wastage

5. (a) Three reasons why national parks have been established in Kenya
- To conserve wildlife
- To promote tourism
- To create environment for education and research
- To preserve natural beauty

(b) Apart from marine parks, two other tourist attraction found at the coast of Kenya
- Cultural dance/traditional cultures/shrines/ kaya
- Sandy beaches
- Sunny climates for sunbathing
- Historical sites
- Water sports


SECTION B

6. (a)
(i) Ground close up
(ii) Sketch of the photograph:



(iii) Activity taking place in the photograph
-Beef farming


(b) (i) Two areas in Kenya where similar photograph may have been taken.
- Kajiado
- Marsabit
- Naivasha
- Narok
_ Samburu

(ii) Economic benefits of the activity. (4 marks)
- Employment
- Raw material to industries
- Source of protein food
- Development of infrastructure e.g road , railways, etc do not accept the use of the word infrastructure without specification
- Government revenue
- Effective use of marginal land

(c) Four physical conditions that favour this type of activity in Central Argentina.
- High amount of rainfall averaging 1000mm – 1525mm per annum ensures growth of pasture which is used by the animals as food
- Moderate sub tropical temperatures between 15^oC during winter and 24^oC during summer allows for the growth of pastures throughout the year
- Extensive flat pampas grasslands allows for free movements of animals and nature grazing pasture
- Presence of highly nutritious alfalfa grass provides high quality food and nutrients for the pasture enhancing beef quality
- Soils with required nutrients washed from the foot of Andes mountains by wind and water speeds up the growth of pasture in the pampas


(i) Problems facing
- High temperatures in some areas are unsuitable for predigree/exotic breeds.
- Natural grass of poor quality/low nutritional value lower the beef quality and starve the animal
- Tsetse fly infested areas discourage beef farming by spreading disease which kill the animals
- Drought/Unreliable rainfall leading to shortage of water and scarcity of pasture which causes death of animals and low beef quality
- Competition for rangeland between beef farmer and wildlife and Maasai Mara slows down beef farming activities.
- Incidences of tropical diseases such as Nagana, Rinderpest, foot and mouth, anthrax, etc and pests such as ticks, tsetseflies which lower the quality of beef products and cause death of beef animals.

7. (a) Two indigenous softwood trees found in Kenya



(ii) Difference between natural forest and man–made forest

Natural forests	Man-made forests
Consists mainly hardwoods	Consist mainly of softwoods
Contains mixed trees species	Occur in pure stands
Random occurrence/scattered	Arranged in rows
Grow closely farming jungle	Evenly spaced with same size
There are undergrowth	No under growth due to weeding

(b) Four physical conditions that hinder exploitation of tropical forests
- High rainfall makes the ground waterlogged/dumpy making construction and maintains of roads expensive hence become impassable.
- Hot and humid condition fatigue lumberman making them turned
- Humid condition provide breeding of disease/disease causing vectors which affect human beings
- Dense forests are home to wild animals like snakes which attack lumbermen
- Trees have huge buttress roots which makes felling difficult
- Tress occur in mixed stands which make selection of valuable species difficult.

(c) Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following sub – topics,
(i) Growth
- Sereve winters in Canada slow down growth of trees hence take long to mature while in Kenya trees in Kenya trees mature faster due to cool climates in highlands.

(ii) Harvesting
- In Canada, harvesting done through clear cutting while in Kenya selective cutting is used.
- In Canada cutting is done in summer while in Kenya it takes place throughout the year
-in both cases, machines are used for logging

(iii) Marketing
- Most of Canada is wood products are exported to U.S.A/ Britain/Europe wood products in Kenya are sold locally with few being exported to U.S.A and Europe

(d) Five measures taken by government of Kenya to conserve forests
- Agro – forestry programmers
- Public awareness and education through mass media.
- Establishment of forest research stations
- Afforestation and re – afforestation programmes
- Creation of buffer zones
- Enactment of legislation governing forest conservation

8. (a) (i) Three towns where textile industries are located
- Kisumu
- Eldoret
= Thika


(ii) Three factors that influence the location of industries near markets
- Industries whose final products are highly perishable should be located near markets, e.g baking , meat processing
- Industries whose final products are highly fragile cannot be transpoted over long distance hence a need for location near markets e.g grass making
- Industries whose raw materials are lighter and less buikier than the final products may be located near market.

(b) Problems hindering industrial decentralization in Kenya.
- Inadequate market for manufactured goods in rural areas discourage investors
- Power supply in rural areas is inadequate hence expensive to install which discourage investors.
- High level of skill required in industries to live in rural areas.
- Rural areas have poor infrastructure which is expensive to develop this discourages investors.
- There is insecurity in rural areas which discourages huge and expensive investment

(c) (i) Two raw material apart from coal which are used in the iron and steel industry
- Iron ore
- Lime stone
(ii) Reasons why relying a coal is declining
- Coal mines for surface coal becoming exhausted making deep mines expensive
- Coal is heavy and bulky and hence expensive to transport over along distance.
- Coal burns with a lot of smoke which pollute the environment.
-There is competition of coal with other source of power like H.E.P and petroleum

(d) Three negative effects of industrialization in Kenya
- Industrial lead to pollution of both water,air and land
- industries lead to specialization which in economic development between regions.
- Rural urban migration may cause rejection of agriculture causing food shortage
- People are displaced to pave the way for industrial development

9. a) (i) Differentiate
- Horticulture refers to an intensive cultivation of vegetables, fruits and flowers for commercial purposes WHILE market gardening is an intensive cultivation of vegetables and fruits for sale in the nearest urban center.

(ii) Factors favouring
- The hot and wet climate favouring the growth of tropical crops like mangoes, oranges, etc while the cool and wet conditions in the highlands suit temperate crop such as plums, pears, apples grapes etc
-The deep well drained fertile soils in Kenya highlands favour a variety of crops
- Availability of market both locally in kenya’s populous towns and internationally in Europe
- Investment by large companies such as Del – Monte, Pan Africa foods, Oserian, Sulmac etc
- Establishment of horticulture Cooperative Union (HCU) and horticulture Development Authority (HDA) has
- Improvement of road network and construction of airports such as Eldoret, Kisumu, and Isiolo Has enhanced accessibility to local and overseas markets

b) (i) The main horticultural farming areas in the Netherlands include;
- The Westland
-Leided to Harlem
-Arnhem- Nijimegen

(ii) Benefits of Horticultural farming in Kenya
- It is a major source of raw material for local industries e.g fruit canning, manufacture of vegetable oils hence it stimulates industrialization
- Export of flowers, fruits and vegetables earns foreign exchange used to develop other sectors of the economy such as health and transport.
- It has stimulated expansion and development of transport infrastructure by improving accessibility to the farms and market.
_Creation of employment opportunities to the farmers raises their living standards.
- It’s a sources of food that contributes to nutritional balance among Kenya
-It has ensured effective/maximum uses of land and even reclamation of swampy areas
- It has led to the growth of other related industries such as freight services, pesticides and banking

(c) Problems facing Horticulture farmers in Kenya.
- Pests and disease lower crops yield e,g pest such as Aphids, Nematodes,birds
Disease include blight,black rot, bacterial wilt
-Inefficient marketing system that lacks proper organization leads to huge loses and lower the morale of the farmers
-Stiff competition on the international market posed by other producers (Israel,Netherlands) lower the profit margins and morale of the farmers.
-Price fluctuations due to overproduction leads to uncertainties in the profits earned from exports.
- Inadequate capital available to farmers making it difficult to expand the farms and the industry in general hence low yields.
-Climatic hazards such as a frost, hailstone, drought destroys crop
- High transport charges from the farm to local market and international markets leads to low returns
- High cost of farm input such as fertilizers etc lower the profit margins for the farmers.
-Underdeveloped roads which get muddy limit accessibility between farms and collecting centers loading to loses and low profits,
- Inadequate refrigeration facilities may lead to reduction in quality of highly perishable produce

(d) Factors that have led to Horticulture in the Netherlands
- Favouring weather due to its coastal location and the warm Gulf stream, Netherlands experience warm and frost free weather all year. This favours horticultural activities.
- Soil of the deep, well drained, fertile sandy coastal dunes quickly warm up in spring and are ideal for/ floriculture/Horticulture.
-Highly organized marketing systems. Due to well – developed cooperatives to market the produce supply inputs, organize auctions and advance credit to farmers, the industries grows
Fast with high yield per unit area
-Highly developed transport system. Electric railways lines, modern airport such as Amsterdam well developed roads, etc have enhanced transportation of perishable horticultural products to the local and international market.
- Geographical location due to its central location in Europe, Netherlands is accessible to external markets hence easy exportation of its produce.
- Market: There is ready market from the populous urban areas within the country and Europe as a whole with high purchasing power.
- Extensive and successful research has led to high quality crop varieties and effective pest and disease control.
- Presence of advanced technology has enabled use of greenhouse with heating systems leading to high yields.
- Availability of skilled labour with a long tradition in Floriculture leads to maximum output of the crops



10.
(i) Mineral fuels.
-Coal
-Petroleum
-Natural gas

(ii) mineral occurrence
- Veins/lodes
-Beds/seams
-Weathering products
- Alluvial/placer deposits

(b) Solution mining
- This is underground mining/ method but done from the earth’s surface
- Involves drilling of pipes/ with superheated steam/ water down the deposits
- The mineral then dissolves/ into the superheated water
- It is then pumped/to the surface
- At the surface water is evaporated and the mineral is extracted/separated

(c) (i) Shaft method
(ii) X – pulley/crane system, Y – cage, mineral deposit

(d) Gold mining is South Africa
- Mining shaft is sunk into the reefs hearing Gold
-Gold are got by explosive and token to the surface by lift
- Ore is crushed into powdery dust to form pulp
- Cyanide is added to dissolve the gold content
- Its then mixed with zinc dust to precipitate gold
- It s then melt to refine and remove impurities and cost into ingot

(e) Soda ash significance.
- Soda ash is exported and earns the country foreign exchange used to develop other sector like education
- Mining of soda ash has created employment opportunities enabling people to earn income that they use locally as a raw material
- Soda ash is used locally as a raw material in industries to refine, paper making glass making thus saving the country foreign currency.
- It has stimulated the development of infrastructure such as rods, Konza – Magadi railway in the area.
- Urbanization it has led to development of Magadi as an urban center.
- It has led to the provision of fresh water, power and social amenities which has improved the living standards of the people around Magadi
- The sale of soda ash adds government revenue used to meet the national budget
- It leads to establishment of related industries such as banks.
- It encourages development of technology which can be applied in other sectors of the economy

N/B: Where there are specific examples such as a Konza Magadi road the students MUST mention them

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