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Dcmm 221:Clinical Pathology Question Paper

Dcmm 221:Clinical Pathology

Course:Clinical Medicine

Institution: Kenya Methodist University question papers

Exam Year:2011

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (DCMM 221) 3RD TRIMESTER 2011
KENYA METHODIST UNIVERSITY

END OF 3''RD ''TRIMESTER 2011 EXAMINATIONS
SCHOOL : MEDICINE & HEALTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT : CLINICAL MEDICINE & SURGERY
UNIT CODE : DCMM 221
UNIT TITLE : CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
TIME : 3 HOURS

Instructions: Attempt ALL the Questions.

Question One

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary include;

* Calcitonin
* Growth hormone
* Prolactin
* Vasopressin
* Oxytocin

Question Two

Counter regulatory hormones in glucose metabolism include:

* Epinephrine
* Cortisal
* Aldosterone
* Growth hormone
* Follicular stimulating hormone

Question Three

Effects of insulin in the body include:

* Glycogenesis
* Protein synthesis
* Glycogenolysis
* Lipid synthesis
* Hyperglycaemia

Question Four

Effects of parathroid hormones (PTH) include:

* Increased reabsorption of sodium
* Reasorption of calcium from bone
* Increased phosphate reabsorption
* Enhancing the action of calcitriol
* Decreased calcium reabsorption from the kidneys

Question Five

Causes of primary hyperthydroidism includes:

* Pituitary adenoma
* Graves disease
* Thyroid adenoma
* Renal failure
* Sheehan’s syndrome

Question Six

Effects of cortisol include:

* Increased glucose levels
* Increased protein synthesis
* Fat redistribution
* May lead to reduced immunity
* May cause fluid retention

Question Seven

Causes of cushings syndrome include

* Prolonged oral steroid use
* Adrenal medulla tunour
* Pituitary ADH secreting adenoma
* Paraneoplastic Syndrome
* Hypothyroidism

Question Eight

Conn’s Syndrome

* Due to increased cortisol production
* Due to increased aldesterone production
* Associated with fluid retention
* May cause hyperkalemia
* Associated with hyponatrauma

Question Nine

Causes of pituitary gland failure include:

* Sheeham’s syndrome
* Trauma (Severe head injury)
* Irradiation to the skull
* Pituatary adenoma
* None of the above

Question Ten

Features of addisons disease include:

* Hyperkalemia
* Hypernatraemia
* Increased cortisol levels
* Hypercalcaemia
* Anaemia

Question Eleven

Features of type 1 diabetes mellitus include:

(a) Mainly treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents.

(b) More common in the young

(c)Has no genetic predisposition

(d) Urinalysis may have a role in diagnosis and management

(e) Some drugs may worsen the hyperglycaemia

Question Twelve

Causes of iron deficiency anemia include;

* Vitamin B12 deficiency
* Peptic ulcer disease
* Hookworms
* Menorrhagia
* Fish tapeworm

Question Thirteen

Features of congenital adrenal hyperplasia include:

* Delayed puberty
* Precaucious puberty
* Hirsutism
* Oligomemorrhea in women
* Increased libido in men

Question Fourteen

Features of hypothyroidism include

* Increased appetite
* Weight gain
* Depression
* Oligomenorrhea
* May be due to iodine deficiency

Question Fifteen

Effects of calcitriol include:

* Increased calcium absorption in kidneys
* Increased sodium absorption from intestines
* Deposition of calcium from serum to bone
* Levels may reduce in chronic renal failure
* Levels may be reduced in rickets

Question Sixteen

Aldosterone:

* Produced by the adrenal medulla
* Potent vasoconstrictor
* Leads to increased potassium loss
* Causes sodium retention
* Hyporolciemia stimulates its production

Question Seventeen

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

* Increases water retention
* Produced by the anterior pituitary
* Is a potent vasodilator
* Deficiency is associated with diabetes mellitus
* Produced when there is increased osmolality

Question Eighteen

Features of megalobastic anaemia include:

* Increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
* Increased mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH)
* Associated with pernicious anemia
* May be due to bone marrow suppression
* May be due to folate deficiency

Question Nineteen

Causes of bone marrow suppression include

* Irradiation
* Leukaemia s
* Use of cytotoxic mecation
* Use of steroids
* Iron deficiency

Question Twenty

Features of phaeocromacytoma include:

* Tachycardia
* Hypertension
* Arrhytmias
* Palpitations
* Haematuria

SAQ (5 MARKS)

Question One

List FIVE feature of hyperthyroidism

Question Two

List FIVE effects of calcithol (activated vitamin D)

Question Three

Briefly classify the leukaemias

Question Four

Briefly discuss the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease.

Question Five

Outline causes of hyperparathyroidism

Question Six

Discuss clinical presentation of thalassaemia

Question Seven

Briefly outline the renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Question Eight

List causes of microcytic Hypochromic anaemia.

Question Nine

List the features of leukaemia.

Question Ten

List the effects of the insulin counter regulatory hormones in the body.

LAQ

Question One
Discuss the complications of steroids overuse. (20 Marks)

Question Two
Discuss the different types of anaemia and their causes. (20 Marks)

Dcmm 221:Clinical Pathology Question Paper

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