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Hml205: Clinical Pharmacology Question Paper
Hml205: Clinical Pharmacology
Course:Bachelor Of Science In Medical Microbiology
Institution: Kenyatta University question papers
Exam Year:2011
KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2010/2011
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE (MEDICAL LABORATORY)
HML 205:
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
DATE: Monday, 29th November, 2010
TIME: 11.00 a.m. – 1.00 p.m.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer ALL questions in Section A.
SECTION A (15 MARKS)
1.
Explain the following terms:
a)
Pharmacokinetics
(2 marks)
b)
Pharmacodynamcis
(2 marks)
c)
Drug
(1 mark)
2.
Explain the following terms giving specific examples:
a)
Plasma half-life
(2 marks)
b)
Drug bioavailability
(2 marks)
c)
Drug nomenclature
(1 mark)
3.
Outline the various mechanisms of drug transport through a biological membrane
(5 marks)
Page 1 of 8
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer ONE question only.
4.
a)
Name the main organs involved in drug biotransformation (4 marks)
b)
Calculate the degree of ionization of a weak acidic drug (Acetysalicylic
acid) with a Pka of 4, in the stomach where the pH is 2. Estimate the
extent of absorption of the drug.
(10 marks)
c)
Discuss zero order and first oder kinetics of drug elimination.
(6 marks)
5.
a)
Discuss factors that modify drug action
(15 marks)
b)
A medical lab. Student wanted to study the effects of 6% w/v
pentobarbitone sodium after I.V. at 30 mg/kg bwt in a 3.5 kg rabbit.
Calculate the volume of pentobarbitone injected.
(5 marks)
SECTION C (15 MARKS)
6.
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacokinetic parameter
a)
Tmax
b)
Apparent volume of Distribution
c)
Drug half life
d)
Drug receptor complex
7.
Which of the processes is part of phase II drug biotransformation:
a)
Conjugation
b)
Oxidation
c)
Reduction
d)
Hydrolysis
8.
1000mg of a certain drug is injected intravenously producing a steady state
plasma concentration of 50 mg/L. The estimated apparent volume of distribution
is
a)
20.0 litres
b)
200.0 litres
c)
0.2 litres
d)
2.0 litres
Page 2 of 8
9.
Thiopentone sodium effect is terminated through:
a)
Direct decrease in myocardial contractility
b)
Fall in systematic vascular resistance
c)
Redistribution
d)
Decrease in hepatic drug concentration
10.
A solution of local anesthetic contains 2% w/v lignocaine. How much lignocaine
has been added?
a)
2 mg/ml
b)
20 mg/ml
c)
0.2 mg/ml
d)
20 mg/L
11.
Which of the following equipment is NOT an essential component of an
organbath?
a)
Water bath
b)
Kymograph
c)
Tissue bath
d)
Condenser
12.
Which of the drugs is bound to albumin?
a)
Ligocaine
b)
Tetracycline’s
c)
Methadone
d)
Quinidine
13.
Which enzyme is mainly involved in drug metabolism:
a)
Cytochrome p – 450
b)
Cytochrome P – 448
c)
Glucuronyl Peptidase
d)
Lipases
Page 3 of 8
14.
The following drugs inhibit drug metabolizing enzymes EXCEPT,
a)
Clarithromycin
b)
Chloramphenical
c)
Ciprofloxacin
d)
Phenobarbitone
15.
Which of the following is not a prodrug:
a)
Levodopa
b)
Prednisone
c)
Ampicillin
d)
Enalapril
16.
The following are accessories required for recording of blood pressure EXCEPT.
a)
bull-dog clamp
b)
triway cannula
c)
Stirrer
d)
arterial/venous cannula
17.
For mammalian tissue physiological salt solutions should be maintained at
temperature of:
a)
27oC
b)
37oC
c)
47oC
d)
4oC
18.
Which one of the following is NOT a pharmacokinetic parameter
a)
Cmax
b)
Tmax
c)
tachyphlaxis
d)
Apparent volume of distribution
Page 4 of 8
19.
The aeration requirement for heart muscle tissues is
a)
Air/02
b)
02
c)
02 + 5% CO2
d)
None of the above
20.
Which of the drug is NOT bound to plasma albumin:
a)
warfarin
b)
Barbiturates
c)
penicillins
d)
quinidine
21.
Name the physiological salt solution suitable for amphibian tissue:
a)
ringer – Locke solution
b)
frog-ringer solution
c)
Krebs’s solution
d)
tyrode solution
22.
Name the physiological salt solution suitable for mammalian an avian skeletal
muscle tissue:
a)
Ringer-Locke solution
b)
Frog-ringer solution
c)
Krebs’s solution
d)
Tyrode solution
23.
Name the physiological salt solution suitable for intestinal tissue:-
a)
Ringer- Locke solution
b)
Frog-ringer solution
c)
Krebs’s solution
d)
Tyrode solution
Page 5 of 8
24.
Name the physiological salt solution suitable for heart muscle tissue:
a)
Ringer-Locke solution
b)
Frog-ringer solution
c)
Krebs’s solution
d)
Tyrode solution
25.
Calculate the percentage of non-ionized drug molecules for a weakly acidic with
pka of 4 and in an environmental PH of 1
a)
90.9%
b)
99.09%
c)
1.0%
d)
10.0%
26.
Biotransformation of drugs mainly takes place in the
a)
Plasma
b)
Intestines
c)
Liver
d)
Kidney
27.
Which of the following may be used to explain mechanisms of drug absorption?
a)
Newton’s Law
b)
Ficks law
c)
Kirchhoff’s law
d)
Ohm’s law
28.
Which statement is NOT true about prodrugs
a)
Should be restricted in case of liver disease
b)
Are metabolized to active drug molecules in the body
c)
May have better pharmacokinetic profile than the active drug
d)
May never reach the site of action
Page 6 of 8
29.
A 50 kg patient has a drug concentration in plasma of 0.2mg/ml and a urinary
drug concentration of 2.0 mg/ml. Calculate the renal clearance of the patient
given that the urine flow rate is 10ml/min
a)
2.0 ml/min/kg
b)
0.2 ml/min/kg
c)
20.0 ml/min/kg
d)
0.02 ml/min/kg
30.
Given that Renal blood flow is 1200 ml/min, glomerular filtration rate is 125
ml/min and urine flow is 1.5 ml/min, the percentage of blood that is filtered is:
a)
0.11%
b)
1.1%
c)
11
d)
5.2
31.
Which of the following active drugs is NOT converted to active metabolite
a)
Codeine
b)
Diazepam
c)
Phenacetin
d)
Adrenaline
32.
The proprietary name of a drug;
a)
Is also referred to as the approved name
b)
Is cumbersome and difficult to use in prescriptions
c)
Is the genetic name of the drug
d)
Is the property of the manufacturer
33.
The dosage form suitable for vaginal administration are called
a)
enema
b)
Suppositories
c)
pesseries
d)
Pellets
Page 7 of 8
34.
The bioavailability of intravenous administered drug is:
a)
10%
b)
100%
c)
50%
d)
25%
35.
The most expensive route of drug administration is:
a)
Intravenous route
b)
Rectal route
c)
Oral route
d)
Transdermal therapeutic system
Page 8 of 8
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