Form 4 Geography Paper 1 Term 2: 312/1 With Answers Question Paper

Form 4 Geography Paper 1 Term 2: 312/1 With Answers 

Course:Geography

Institution: Form 4 question papers

Exam Year:2016

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Marking Scheme/Answers

KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION 2016
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 – (312/1)
MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1. a) Three transitional zones of the atmosphere.
- Tropopause
- Stratopause
- Mesopause
- Thermopause

b) Two reasons why cloud concentrations is higher in the Troposphere
- Temperature decrease with increase is height.
- Presence of particles in the layer like dust. Act as condensation nuclei
- Has high humidity (water vapour)

2. Three sources of underground water
a) Rain water
- Magmatic water
- Snow and ice melt water
- water bodies like seas, rivers, swamps

b) Two ways in which underground water reaches the surface of the earth
- Springs
- Capillary action
- Wells and boreholes/artesian wells
-See page
- Transpiration

3.a) Conditions for the occurrence of saline lakes in the Rift valley.
Absence of outlets
- Absence of strong winds to remove the salt from the lakes beds which later dry up.
- Lack of constant inflow of fresh water
- presence of intense saline springs feeding the lakes.
- Lack of seepage of salt and water from the lakes (underground outlets/ drainage)
- Volcanic action results to magma releasing salts
- High rates of evaporation
- Underlying salt rock(Imbedded)

b) State two ways lakes form naturally
- Earth movements e,g down warping and tectonic processes
- Volcanicity eg lava damming, caldera/crater/maars.
- Erosion e.g glacial, solution, wild
- Deposition, E,g River deposits (Glacial deposits, marine deposits)
- mass movement
-Meteorite crater lakes
4, Two other waves apart from secondary waves
a) Long – Waves – L waves , longitudes/ waves/ ray leigh waves/ love waves
p- waves – primary waves

Characteristics of S – waves
b) i) – Are the second to be recorded on the seismograph.
- Are shake and shear waves
- Pass through solid only
- Are very strong waves
- They travel at a speed of about 4.5 km/sec
- Causes vibrations perpendicular to their path

ii) Instrument that measure seismic waves.
Seismograph

5. a) i) K – Anticlinorium’s
ii) Two fold matins outside Africa – Andes, Himalayas, Rockies, Alps, and Appalachians
iii) Temperature inversion is the increase in temperature with increase in altitude


Section B
You are provided with the map of Busia(1:50,000) use it to answer the questions that follow

6.a) i) Identify three man – made features in grid square 2536
- All weather road loose surface (do not accept “road”)
- Air photo principal point
- Main track (Motorable)
- Settlements/huts
ii) Identify the longitudinal extent of the map
34o05 to 35o15 East(direction must be given)

b) i) Give the sheet number of Busia map
101/1

ii) Measure the length of the All Weather Road Loose Surface from the Eastern margin of the map up to the first junction
. 6.3 km (+ or -0.1)

c) i) Using a scale of 1cm represents 20m, draw a cross section along northing 35 between easting 27 and 32.
(ii) On your cross section mark and show the following:
. River Kawuoda
. Footpath
. A hill

(iii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross – section
- V.E = vertical scale/ horizontal scale
= 1: 2000/ 1: 50000
= X25 (do not accept 25)
d) State six characteristics of relief in the area covered by the map
- There are several Hills in the southern part of the area covered by the map as shown by circular contour lines.
- There are passes e,g along Easting 30 shown by a footpath in between two adjacent hill/ raised section of land.
- There are steel slopes towards the south of Busia as shown by closely packed contour lines.
- Most parts of Busia are gently sloping as shown by widely spaced contour lines e.g in the west.
- The hills towards the south of the area form a ridge as they are aligned in a linear pattern
- The land generally rises towards the south as shown by low contours like 1180m in the north and 1300m in the south.
- There are several cols/saddles in the central and southern area as shown by several adjacent hills without any passage way between.

(e)Students of Strathmore School carried out a field study in the area covered by the map.
(i) Identify two data collection methods they used during the field study
- Photography
- Interviewing
- Observation
- Sampling
- Experimentation
- Counting (Check any other relevant answers)

(ii) State two follow up activities they carried out after the field study
_ Displaying and analyzing any of the photographs taken during the fieldwork
- Labeling of various samples taken during the study
- Drawing of graphs, pie charts and other statistical information
- Analyzing the data collected in groups
- Class discussions on findings
- Report writing
- Laboratory testing of samples
- Displaying collected samples
- Listening to tape records, watching video tapes

(check other relevant answers)

6. a) Plant community is an assemblage of plants that grow together in a particular habitat/ site.
Or

Plants such as trees, herbs and grasses that grow in a given place and give it a distinct character.


b) Explain factors for the decline of natural vegetation
- Population increase – encroaching into the grassland replacing it with settlements and cultivated land.
= Frequent outbreaks of bush fires that destroys the grasses retarding its generation
- Pests e.g armyworms/ locust destroy grass and the vegetation regenerates into semi – desert type.
- Wild and domesticated animals overgraze and causes stunted growth of grass.
Note – The candidates must state and explain its score 2 marks

c) Identify the vegetation A, B, and C
i) A – Equation forests
B – Savanna grasslands
C – Semi – Arid vegetation

ii) Characteristics of savanna veg.
- Consists of a mixture of trees and grass
- In the wetter areas grasses are tall and closer to each other
- Grasses dominate the undergrowth in the woodlands
- Trees are umbrella shaped
- Trees are shorter and more scattered
- Acacia trees dominate
- Some trees are stunted and have scale, trunks/ barks
- River valleys have trees and thick bush
- Grass wither during dry season
- Grass sprouts during wet season
- Shrubs/ trees are deep rooted
- Grasses are shorter in drier areas
- Trees like Baobab have thick barks (succulent)

d) I) Reasons for reconnaissance
- Prepare a work schedule
- familiarize with the area and respondents
- Introduce oneself to the authority and respondents.
- Determine the suitability of the area for study
- Identify and decide on the method and tools for data collection.
- Estimate the cost for the study.
- Determined the route to follow(suitable)
- Identify the problems they are likely to encounter.

ii) Three methods used in recording data.
- Labeling samples
- Note taking
- Tabulation
- Photographing
- Filling questionnaires
- Field sketching

iii) Two tree species identified during the field study
- Acacia, cedar, Meru, Oak, Elgon teak, Blue gums, Cyprus pine, black wattle etc
Accept any tree stated

iv) Two types of maps used in recording findings
- Density/ choropleth, maps/layer tinting/coloring
- Distribution maps
- Sketch maps
- Dot maps

7. a) Differentiate aridity and desertification
Aridity – A state of dryness/ deficiency of rainfall or no rainfall.
- Desertification – encroachment of large areas of barren land which are covered with sand.
- The slow but steady encroachment of desert like conditions onto potentially or formerly productive land

b) types of desert surfaces
- Sand deserts
- Stony deserts
- Rock deserts

c) i) Barchan
- Crescent – shaped heaps of sand
- Lie at right angles to prevailing winds
- Starts as a build up of sand behind a low obstacles like rock/ bush.
- The mound grows bigger and bigger, its edges are slowly carried forward by the wind.
- This gives it a crescent shape. Side away from the wind is steep – eddies make it more steeper (Leeward)
- Windward side forms a smooth gentle sand dome slope.



ii) Zeugens
- Produced by the action of weathering and wind
- Weathering breaks the hard cap
- Weathering materials are then worked on by wind abrasion as they are transported, they knock on the rock mass, and scour through differential erosion.
- It forms ridges and furrows if it continues.



D) i) Influence of Ocean currents on deserts
- Cold Ocean currents blowing along coastal regions bring cold conditions
- Cold conditions lead to the formation of fog and mist
- Ground and air along such areas is not heated hence no Turbulence
- Winds also carry no moisture hence they are dry
- Winds drop their moisture over, the sea – reaching the land as dry winds

ii) Oceans currents and the areas they cause aridity.
- Benguela current – Namib and Kalahari desert
- Peruvian current - Atacama desert
- California current – California desert
- Canaries current – Sahara desert
- Antartic current – Australian desert

Candidates must mention/ state the current and the desert region for them to score.
e) i) Abrasionn
- Attrition
- Deflation

ii) Tourist attraction e.g yardang, zeugens, Barchans etc.
- Hold desert sun provide a large potential for solar energy.
- Basins/ blow outs hold permanent lakes which may give rise to oases providing permant sources of water.
- Water from the oases is used for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes
- Desert landforms are ideal for military training testing of weapons and experimenting ground loes form fertile alluvium soils.
- Sand dune migration may destroy huge tracks of agriculture land/ threaten human and animals life

8. Characteristics of desert soils.
a) – thin and shallow
- Sand and stony
- salty
- Have low organic matter
- Are loose and unconsolidated
- Have high lime content/ alkaline / rich in calcium.
- Have low moisture content
- Are brownish/ reddish in colour candidates must explain the factor

b) Elluviation/ degeneration
- Leaches weathered materials(mineral salts) from Horizon A to B and C
- Makes minerals salts unavailable to plant roots
- Leads to change in soil texture and structure
- Change soil colour
- Reduces humus content/ hence leads to poor water retention capacity
- soil becomes loose - hence exposed to soil erosion agents.



Ways through human beings contribute to soil degeneration
c)- monoculture farming activities lead to soil exhaustion this making soil vulnerable to erosion
- Overgrazing reduces vegetation cover exposing soil to agents of erosions.
- Ploughing up/ down a slope provides channels for surface run off. These are enlarged to become gullies
- Deforestation/ clearing of vegetation cover over exposes soil to agents of soil erosion
- Mining/ quarry/ road construction loosens, exposes the soil making of it susceptible to erosion
- Continues cultivation without replenishment of soil fertility leads to soil exhaustion making the soil vulnerable to erosion
- Shifting cultivation without replenishment of soil fertility leads to soil exhaustion making the soil vulnerable to erosion
- Shifting cultivation/ bush fallowing leaves land unprotected against erosion

d) Findings
- Overstocking – Farmers to reduce the number of livestock
- Deforestation - Plant more trees/ reafforestation
- Ploughing on steep slopes – contour ploughing
- Monoculture – diversification of crops
- Soil erosion – plant cover crops

Benefits
Quality animals/ more milk/ quality beef
- Improved soil fertility – Better crop yields
- Improvement of water catchment areas
- Improvement of biodiversity
- Environmental improvement
For the candidates to score should identify a problem and provide a solution.

e) Barazas – chief/ D.os
- radios
-Newspapers
- Circulars etc

9. Formation of lake Victoria
- Earth movements caused by Compression forces acted on the land between Kenya and Uganda
- The central part then down warped to form a depression / basin
- This was followed by uplifting/ Tilting of the surrounding landmasses in Kenya to form the Mau Ranges
- On the Ugandan side, Uplifting took place leading to the formation of the Ruwenzori’s mountains
- Reversed drainage/back tilting took place on Uganda rivers like Kagera, Katonga forcing them into the depression
- Deposition into the depression resulted into further down warping
- Water from rain, seepage and the rivers accumulated in the basin forming lake Victoria.

ii) Lake Sare- Formed as result of long shore drift/ causing continuous deposition/hence a spit encloses a shallow lagoon/ at ugowe Bay L. Victoria

iii) Lake Nasser – Is a manmade lake , Depression is dug first a river is diverted and water fills depression

b) – Eastern generally alkaline while western generally fresh
- Eastern have no outlets except Naivasha & Baringo while Western have outlets
- Eastern generally wide and deep while western are long and deep

c) – Source of fish e,g Victoria, Turkana
- H.E.P Production e,g Owen falls, L. Victoria
- Transport e,g L. Victoria
- Sources of rivers eg L. Victoria is source of R. Nile
- Tourist attraction e,g L. Nakuru, Elementaita.
- Irrigation purposes e,g Naivasha
- Source of minerals e,g L. Magadi
- Building material e.g Sand from L. Victoria

Points must be well explained with specific examples and the economic aspect must come out clearly = 10 marks

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